Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubidium</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="float-right infobox wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:310px; max-width:400px;">

<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; font-size:120%; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe2" style="text-align:center;">
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="margin:auto; background-color:color:var(--color-inverted, #FFFFFF); color:var(--color-base, #000000); text-align:center; empty-cells:show; border-collapse:separate; border-style:hidden;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 1: Wasserstoff (H), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="30">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Helium" title="Helium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 2: Helium (He), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 3: Lithium (Li), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 4: Beryllium (Be), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bor" title="Bor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 5: Bor (B), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 6: Kohlenstoff (C), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 7: Stickstoff (N), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 8: Sauerstoff (O), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 9: Fluor (F), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neon" title="Neon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 10: Neon (Ne), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 11: Natrium (Na), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 12: Magnesium (Mg), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 13: Aluminium (Al), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 14: Silicium (Si), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 15: Phosphor (P), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LimeGreen;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 16: Schwefel (S), Nichtmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 17: Chlor (Cl), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Argon" title="Argon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 18: Argon (Ar), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 19: Kalium (K), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 20: Calcium (Ca), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 21: Scandium (Sc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 22: Titan (Ti), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 23: Vanadium (V), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 24: Chrom (Cr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 25: Mangan (Mn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 26: Eisen (Fe), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 27: Cobalt (Co), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 28: Nickel (Ni), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 29: Kupfer (Cu), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zink" title="Zink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 30: Zink (Zn), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 31: Gallium (Ga), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 32: Germanium (Ge), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 33: Arsen (As), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Selen" title="Selen"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 34: Selen (Se), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Brom" title="Brom"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 35: Brom (Br), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 36: Krypton (Kr), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed; border:2px solid #72777D; margin:-1px"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 37: Rubidium (Rb), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 38: Strontium (Sr), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 39: Yttrium (Y), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 40: Zirconium (Zr), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Niob" title="Niob"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 41: Niob (Nb), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 42: Molybdän (Mo), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 43: Technetium (Tc), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 44: Ruthenium (Ru), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 45: Rhodium (Rh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 46: Palladium (Pd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Silber" title="Silber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 47: Silber (Ag), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 48: Cadmium (Cd), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Indium" title="Indium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 49: Indium (In), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 50: Zinn (Sn), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 51: Antimon (Sb), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Peru;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 52: Tellur (Te), Halbmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iod" title="Iod"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 53: Iod (I), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 54: Xenon (Xe), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 55: Caesium (Cs), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Barium" title="Barium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 56: Barium (Ba), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 57: Lanthan (La), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Cer" title="Cer"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 58: Cer (Ce), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 59: Praseodym (Pr), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 60: Neodym (Nd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 61: Promethium (Pm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 62: Samarium (Sm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Europium" title="Europium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 63: Europium (Eu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 64: Gadolinium (Gd), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 65: Terbium (Tb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 66: Dysprosium (Dy), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 67: Holmium (Ho), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 68: Erbium (Er), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 69: Thulium (Tm), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 70: Ytterbium (Yb), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Plum;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 71: Lutetium (Lu), Lanthanoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 72: Hafnium (Hf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 73: Tantal (Ta), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 74: Wolfram (W), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 75: Rhenium (Re), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 76: Osmium (Os), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 77: Iridium (Ir), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Platin" title="Platin"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 78: Platin (Pt), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Gold" title="Gold"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 79: Gold (Au), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 80: Quecksilber (Hg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 81: Thallium (Tl), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Blei" title="Blei"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 82: Blei (Pb), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 83: Bismut (Bi), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkGray;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 84: Polonium (Po), Metall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Khaki;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Astat" title="Astat"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 85: Astat (At), Halogen">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightskyBlue;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radon" title="Radon"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 86: Radon (Rn), Edelgas">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:OrangeRed;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Francium" title="Francium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 87: Francium (Fr), Alkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:DarkOrange;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Radium" title="Radium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 88: Radium (Ra), Erdalkalimetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 89: Actinium (Ac), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 90: Thorium (Th), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 91: Protactinium (Pa), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Uran" title="Uran"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 92: Uran (U), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 93: Neptunium (Np), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 94: Plutonium (Pu), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Americium" title="Americium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 95: Americium (Am), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Curium" title="Curium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 96: Curium (Cm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 97: Berkelium (Bk), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Californium" title="Californium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 98: Californium (Cf), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 99: Einsteinium (Es), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 100: Fermium (Fm), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 101: Mendelevium (Md), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 102: Nobelium (No), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Orchid;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 103: Lawrencium (Lr), Actinoid">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 104: Rutherfordium (Rf), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 105: Dubnium (Db), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 106: Seaborgium (Sg), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 107: Bohrium (Bh), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:LightCoral;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 108: Hassium (Hs), Übergangsmetall">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 109: Meitnerium (Mt), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 110: Darmstadtium (Ds), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 111: Roentgenium (Rg), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 112: Copernicium (Cn), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 113: Nihonium (Nh), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 114: Flerovium (Fl), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 115: Moscovium (Mc), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 116: Livermorium (Lv), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 117: Tenness (Ts), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td>
<td><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:11px; height:11px; color:#202122; background:Gainsboro;"><div style="position:absolute; top:0; left:0;"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="float:left; width:10px; height:10px; font-size:9px; line-height:9px; word-spacing:7px; cursor:pointer;" title="Element 118: Oganesson (Og), unbekannt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div id="text0" style="font-size:12px; position:absolute; top:5px; left:50%; margin-left:-125px;line-height:120%;">[<a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 5<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>1</sup></div>
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px; left:45%; margin-left:20px;line-height:120%;"><span id="text2" style="font-size:10px; vertical-align: sub;">37</span><span id="text3" style="font-size:20px; font-weight:bold;">Rb</span></div>
<div style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Allgemein
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chemisches_Element#Sortierte_Liste_chemischer_Elemente" title="Chemisches Element">Name</a>, <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Symbol</a>, <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">Rubidium, Rb, 37
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elementkategorie" title="Elementkategorie">Elementkategorie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">Gruppe</a>, <a href="Periode_des_Periodensystems" title="Periode des Periodensystems">Periode</a>, <a href="Block_des_Periodensystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Block des Periodensystems">Block</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">1</a>, <a href="Chemische_Elemente_der_f%C3%BCnften_Periode" title="Chemische Elemente der fünften Periode">5</a>, <a href="Periodensystem#Block" title="Periodensystem">s</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Aussehen
</td>
<td>silbrig weiß
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>
<p><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-17-7">7440-17-7</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td>231-126-6
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.296">100.028.296</a>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td>Massenanteil an der <a href="Erdh%C3%BClle" title="Erdhülle">Erdhülle</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">29 <a href="Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (31. Rang)<sup id="cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Atomar<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atommasse</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">85,4678(3)<sup id="cite_ref-CIAAW_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">u</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Atomradius" title="Atomradius">Atomradius</a> (berechnet)
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">235 (265) <a href="Pikometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikometer">pm</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kovalenter_Radius" title="Kovalenter Radius">Kovalenter Radius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">220 pm
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Van-der-Waals-Radius" title="Van-der-Waals-Radius">Van-der-Waals-Radius</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">303<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pm
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 5<a href="S-Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Orbital">s</a><sup>1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>1. <a href="Ionisierungsenergie" title="Ionisierungsenergie">Ionisierungsenergie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */


.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}


/* end https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
</style>4<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span><span class="numericFormat-fractpart">177</span><span class="numericFormat-fractpart">128</span>0(12) <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-rubidium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap">403<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>03 <a href="Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-rubidium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>2. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">27<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>28954(6) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-rubidium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">2</span>633<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>04 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-rubidium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>3. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">39<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>247(3) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-rubidium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">3</span>786<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>8 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-rubidium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>4. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">52<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>20(25) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-rubidium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">5</span>037 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-rubidium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>5. Ionisierungsenergie
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">68<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>44(15) eV<sup id="cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-ASD-rubidium-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> ≈ <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="numericFormat-1000">6</span>603 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webelements-rubidium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Physikalisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>fest
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Kristallstruktur" title="Kristallstruktur">Kristallstruktur</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">kubisch raumzentriert
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dichte" title="Dichte">Dichte</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1,532 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="H%C3%A4rte#Mohs" title="Härte">Mohshärte</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">0,3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus">Magnetismus</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paramagnetismus" title="Paramagnetismus">paramagnetisch</a> (<a href="Magnetische_Suszeptibilit%C3%A4t" title="Magnetische Suszeptibilität"><i>χ<sub>m</sub></i></a> = 3,8 · 10<sup>−6</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">312,46<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (39,31 °C)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Siedepunkt" title="Siedepunkt">Siedepunkt</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">960 K<sup id="cite_ref-NIST_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (687 °C)
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Molares_Volumen" title="Molares Volumen">Molares Volumen</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">55,76 · 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Verdampfungsenthalpie" title="Verdampfungsenthalpie">Verdampfungsenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">69 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzenthalpie" title="Schmelzenthalpie">Schmelzenthalpie</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">2,19 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Schallgeschwindigkeit" title="Schallgeschwindigkeit">Schallgeschwindigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">1300 m·s<sup>−1</sup> bei 293,15 K
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="Austrittsarbeit" title="Austrittsarbeit">Austrittsarbeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">2,16 <a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrische_Leitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Elektrische Leitfähigkeit">Elektrische Leitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">7,52 · 10<sup>6</sup> <a href="Siemens_(Einheit)" title="Siemens (Einheit)">S</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="W%C3%A4rmeleitf%C3%A4higkeit" title="Wärmeleitfähigkeit">Wärmeleitfähigkeit</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">58 <a href="Watt_(Einheit)" title="Watt (Einheit)">W</a>·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Chemisch<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Oxidationszahl" title="Oxidationszahl">Oxidationszustände</a>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">−1, <b>+1</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektrodenpotential#Normalpotential" title="Elektrodenpotential">Normalpotential</a>
</td>
<td>−2,924 <a href="Volt" title="Volt">V</a> (Rb<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Rb)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Elektronegativit%C3%A4t" title="Elektronegativität">Elektronegativität</a>
</td>
<td>0,82 (<a href="Elektronegativit%C3%A4t#Pauling-Skala" title="Elektronegativität">Pauling-Skala</a>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Isotope
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable center darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122; border:hidden; margin:0;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><a href="Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Isotopenverh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Isotopenverhältnis">NH</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Halbwertszeit" title="Halbwertszeit">t<sub>1/2</sub></a>
</td>
<td><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Zerfallsarten" title="Radioaktivität">ZA</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsenergie" title="Zerfallsenergie">ZE</a> (M<a href="Elektronenvolt" title="Elektronenvolt">eV</a>)
</td>
<td><a href="Zerfallsprodukt_(Radioaktivit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerfallsprodukt (Radioaktivität)">ZP</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>83</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>86,2 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>0,910
</td>
<td><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><sup>83</sup>Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><sup>84</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td rowspan="2">32,77 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Elektronen-Einfang" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronen-Einfang">ε</a>
</td>
<td>2,681
</td>
<td><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton"><sup>84</sup>Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>0,894
</td>
<td><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><sup>84</sup>Sr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>85</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><b>72,168</b>&nbsp;%
</td>
<td colspan="4"><a href="Radioaktivit%C3%A4t#Stabilität" title="Radioaktivität">Stabil</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>86</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>18,631 <a href="Tag" title="Tag">d</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>1,775
</td>
<td><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><sup>86</sup>Sr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>87</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap">27,835&nbsp;%
</td>
<td>4,81 · 10<sup>10</sup> <a href="Jahr" title="Jahr">a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>0,283
</td>
<td><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><sup>87</sup>Sr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>88</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>17,78 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>5,316
</td>
<td><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><sup>88</sup>Sr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="nowrap"><sup>89</sup>Rb<div class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></div>
</td>
<td style="nowrap"><a href="Radionuklid#Künstliche_Radionuklide" title="Radionuklid">{syn.}</a>
</td>
<td>15,15 <a href="Minute" title="Minute">min</a>
</td>
<td><a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">β<sup>−</sup></a>
</td>
<td>4,501
</td>
<td><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium"><sup>89</sup>Sr</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" class="darkmode-hintergrundfarbe-passiv" style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:#202122;">Weitere Isotope siehe <a href="Liste_der_Isotope/Ordnungszahl_31_bis_Ordnungszahl_40#37_Rubidium" title="Liste der Isotope/Ordnungszahl 31 bis Ordnungszahl 40">Liste der Isotope</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; text-align:center; color:#202122;"><a href="Kernspinresonanz" title="Kernspinresonanz">NMR</a>-Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="wikitable" style="margin:0; width:100%;">

<tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe1">
<th>
</th>
<th><a href="Kernspin" title="Kernspin">Kernspin</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Gyromagnetisches_Verh%C3%A4ltnis" title="Gyromagnetisches Verhältnis"><i>γ</i></a> in<br><a href="Radiant_(Einheit)" title="Radiant (Einheit)">rad</a>·<a href="Tesla_(Einheit)" title="Tesla (Einheit)">T</a><sup>−1</sup>·<a href="Sekunde" title="Sekunde">s</a><sup>−1</sup>
</th>
<th><a href="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie#Empfindlichkeit_der_NMR-Spektroskopie" title="Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie"><i>E</i><sub>r</sub>&nbsp;(<sup>1</sup>H)</a>
</th>
<th><a href="Larmorfrequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Larmorfrequenz"><i>f</i><sub>L</sub></a> bei<br><i>B</i> = 4,7 <a href="Tesla_(Einheit)" title="Tesla (Einheit)">T</a><br>in <a href="Hertz_(Einheit)" title="Hertz (Einheit)">MHz</a>
</th></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe1">
<td style="text-align:center;"><b><sup>85</sup>Rb</b>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;">5/2
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">2,583 · 10<sup>7</sup>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">0,0105
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">19,3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;"><b><sup>87</sup>Rb</b>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;">3/2
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">8,753 · 10<sup>7</sup>
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">0,175
</td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">65,4
</td></tr>



</tbody></table><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>


<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">


<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">

<tbody><tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="02 – Leicht-/Hochentzündlich"></a></span>
</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="05 – Ätzend"></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Gefahr</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="In Berührung mit Wasser entstehen entzündbare Gase, die sich spontan entzünden können.">260</span></span></a>​‐​<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Verursacht schwere Verätzungen der Haut und schwere Augenschäden.">314</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">EUH: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: EUH-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#EUH-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Reagiert heftig mit Wasser.">014</span></span></a>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Keinen Kontakt mit Wasser zulassen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „4. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 1. Dezember 2014)">223</span></span></a>​‐​<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Inhalt unter inertem Gas/… handhaben und aufbewahren. Vor Feuchtigkeit schützen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „8. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 1. Februar 2018)">231+232</span></span></a>​‐​<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Staub / Rauch / Gas / Nebel / Dampf / Aerosol nicht einatmen.">260</span></span></a>​‐​<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz/Gesichtsschutz/Gehörschutz/… tragen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „12. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 17. Oktober 2020)">280</span></span></a>​‐​<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Berührung mit der Haut [oder dem Haar]: Alle kontaminierten Kleidungsstücke sofort ausziehen. Haut mit Wasser abwaschen [oder duschen].
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „8. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 1. Februar 2018)">303+361+353</span></span></a>​‐​<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Kontakt mit den Augen: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „8. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 1. Februar 2018)">305+351+338</span></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-GESTIS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GESTIS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>






<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:OrangeRed; line-height:1.2em; text-align:center; color:#202122; font-size:smaller;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a>.
</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Rubidium</b> (von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>rubidus</i></span> ‚tiefrot‘; wegen zweier charakteristischer roter <a href="Spektrallinie" title="Spektrallinie">Spektrallinien</a>) ist ein <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">chemisches Element</a> mit dem <a href="Elementsymbol" title="Elementsymbol">Elementsymbol</a> Rb und der <a href="Ordnungszahl" title="Ordnungszahl">Ordnungszahl</a> 37. Im <a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> steht es in der 1. <a href="Hauptgruppe" title="Hauptgruppe">Hauptgruppe</a>, bzw. der 1.&nbsp;<a href="Gruppe_des_Periodensystems" title="Gruppe des Periodensystems">IUPAC-Gruppe</a> und zählt zu den <a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetallen</a>. Das weiche, silbrigweiß glänzende Metall entzündet sich spontan bei Luftzutritt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>

<p>Rubidium wurde erstmals 1861 von <a href="Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Robert Kirchhoff">Gustav Robert Kirchhoff</a> und <a href="Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen" title="Robert Wilhelm Bunsen">Robert Wilhelm Bunsen</a> beschrieben. Sie untersuchten <a href="Lepidolith" title="Lepidolith">Lepidolith</a> aus <a href="Sachsen" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a> und
trennten zunächst <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a>, <a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a>, <a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> und <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> ab. Anschließend fällten sie den Rückstand mit <a href="Platin(IV)-chlorid" title="Platin(IV)-chlorid">Platinchlorid</a>. In diesem waren zunächst nur Spektrallinien des Kaliums sichtbar. Nach mehrfacher Extraktion mit heißem Wasser zeigten sich jedoch bislang unbekannte Spektrallinien, die keinem bekannten Element zuzuordnen waren. Charakteristisch waren insbesondere zwei dunkelrote Linien. Nach diesen nannten Kirchhoff und Bunsen das neue Element <i>Rubidium</i> von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic"><i>rubidus</i></span> ‚tiefrot‘.<sup id="cite_ref-bunsen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunsen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Um <a href="Rubidiumchlorid" title="Rubidiumchlorid">Rubidiumchlorid</a> zu gewinnen, verarbeitete Bunsen 150&nbsp;kg Lepidolith. Nach dem Abtrennen von Lithium und Erdalkalimetallen wurde der verbliebene Rückstand in Wasser gelöst und mit Platinchlorid als unlösliches <a href="Hexachloridoplatinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexachloridoplatinat">Hexachloridoplatinat</a> gefällt. Kalium konnte durch mehrmaliges Aufkochen in wenig Wasser entfernt werden. Anschließend wurde das Salz getrocknet, Platin mit <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a> zum Element <a href="Reduktion_(Chemie)" title="Reduktion (Chemie)">reduziert</a> und das wasserlösliche Rubidiumchlorid ausgelaugt. Er konnte schließlich das <a href="Atomgewicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomgewicht">Atomgewicht</a> des Rubidiums bestimmen. Sein gemessener Wert von 85,36 liegt sehr nahe am tatsächlichen von 85,48.<sup id="cite_ref-bunsen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunsen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Auch im Mineralwasser aus <a href="Bad_D%C3%BCrkheim" title="Bad Dürkheim">Dürkheim</a>, in dem Bunsen und Kirchhoff zeitgleich das <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> entdeckt hatten, fand sich Rubidium. Sie gewannen aus 44.200&nbsp;kg Dürkheimer Solewasser 9,2&nbsp;g Rubidiumchlorid und 7,2&nbsp;kg Caesiumchlorid. Die Trennung der beiden Elemente erfolgte unter Ausnutzung der unterschiedlichen Löslichkeit der Carbonate in absolutem <a href="Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a>, worin Caesiumcarbonat im Gegensatz zur entsprechenden Rubidiumverbindung löslich ist.<sup id="cite_ref-bunsen_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunsen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die beiden Forscher konnten kein elementares Rubidium gewinnen, denn bei der <a href="Elektrolyse" title="Elektrolyse">Elektrolyse</a> von geschmolzenem Rubidiumchlorid entstand anstelle des Metalls eine blaue Verbindung, die sie als <i>Subchlorid</i> bezeichneten, bei der es sich aber wahrscheinlich um eine kolloide Mischung von Rubidium und Rubidiumchlorid handelte.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei der Elektrolyse einer wässrigen Lösung mit einer <a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Quecksilberkathode</a> bildete sich das leicht zersetzbare Rubidium<a href="Amalgam" title="Amalgam">amalgam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bunsen_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bunsen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Darstellung elementaren Rubidiums gelang Robert Bunsen 1863 durch Erhitzen von verkohltem Rubidiumtartrat und Abdestillieren des entstandenen Metalls. Sein gemessener Schmelzpunkt des Metalls lag bei 38,5&nbsp;°C und damit weniger als ein Grad vom tatsächlichen Wert von 39,3&nbsp;°C entfernt.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Technisch wurde Rubidium erstmals in den 1920er Jahren in Form von Rubidium-<a href="Photozelle" title="Photozelle">Photozellen</a> in geringen Mengen eingesetzt.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ab den 1960ern wurden <a href="Rubidium-Atomuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium-Atomuhr">Rubidium-Atomuhren</a> kommerziell verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1995 erzeugten <a href="Eric_A._Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric A. Cornell">Eric A. Cornell</a> und <a href="Carl_E._Wieman" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl E. Wieman">Carl E. Wieman</a> mit Rubidiumatomen das erste <a href="Bose-Einstein-Kondensat" title="Bose-Einstein-Kondensat">Bose-Einstein-Kondensat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>

<p>Mit einem Gehalt von 90&nbsp;<a href="Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> in der kontinentalen <a href="Erdkruste" title="Erdkruste">Erdkruste</a><sup id="cite_ref-CRC_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ist Caesium auf der Erde ein <a href="Liste_der_H%C3%A4ufigkeiten_chemischer_Elemente" title="Liste der Häufigkeiten chemischer Elemente">relativ seltenes</a> Element. Aufgrund seiner hohen Reaktivität kommt es nicht elementar, sondern immer nur in Form von Verbindungen vor. Rubidium ist <a href="Goldschmidt-Klassifikation" title="Goldschmidt-Klassifikation">lithophil</a> und kommt darum überwiegend in der Erdkruste vor, während der <a href="Erdkern" title="Erdkern">Erdkern</a> kein Rubidium enthält.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaGeochemistry_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaGeochemistry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Durch seinen großen <a href="Ionenradius" title="Ionenradius">Ionenradius</a> ist Caesium <a href="Geochemie" title="Geochemie">geochemisch</a> ein <a href="Inkompatibles_Element" title="Inkompatibles Element">inkompatibles Element</a> (<a href="LILE" title="LILE">LILE</a>), das sich vorwiegend in Gesteinsschmelzen anreichert. In Gesteinen kann es insbesondere <a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> ersetzen und findet sich darum vor allem in kaliumreichen Gesteinen wie <a href="Orthoklas" title="Orthoklas">Orthoklas</a> oder <a href="Glimmergruppe" title="Glimmergruppe">Glimmer</a>. Besonders hohe Gehalte von über 1000&nbsp;ppm finden sich in <a href="Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit">Pegmatiten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaGeochemistry_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaGeochemistry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bestimmte <a href="Tonminerale" title="Tonminerale">Tonminerale</a> wie <a href="Illit" title="Illit">Illit</a> sind in der Lage, Rubidium anzureichern.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Da Rubidium gut wasserlöslich ist, befinden sich größere Mengen des Elementes im <a href="Meerwasser" title="Meerwasser">Meerwasser</a>, der durchschnittliche Gehalt beträgt 0,12&nbsp;ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaGeochemistry_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaGeochemistry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch <a href="Salzsee" title="Salzsee">Salzseen</a> enthalten zum Teil hohe Rubidiumkonzentrationen, so enthält der <a href="Saltonsee" title="Saltonsee">Saltonsee</a> eine Konzentration von 137–169&nbsp;mg/l, das <a href="Totes_Meer" title="Totes Meer">Tote Meer</a> 60&nbsp;mg/l und der <a href="Chaby%C3%AAr_Caka" title="Chabyêr Caka">Chabyêr Caka</a> in <a href="Autonomes_Gebiet_Tibet" title="Autonomes Gebiet Tibet">Tibet</a> 50-60&nbsp;mg/l Rubidium.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Einige Aluminosilikat-<a href="Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerale</a> wie <a href="Lepidolith" title="Lepidolith">Lepidolith</a>, <a href="Zinnwaldit" title="Zinnwaldit">Zinnwaldit</a>, <a href="Pollucit" title="Pollucit">Pollucit</a> und <a href="Spodumen" title="Spodumen">Spodumen</a> enthalten Rubidium. Insbesondere Lepidolith mit bis zu 3,5&nbsp;% und Pollucit mit bis zu 1,5&nbsp;% besitzen größere Gehalte des Elements. Diese sind auch die wichtigsten Quellen für die Gewinnung von elementarem Rubidium und seiner Verbindungen.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dagegen sind nur wenige sehr seltene eigenständige Rubidiumminerale bekannt. Dazu gehört der <a href="Rubiklin" title="Rubiklin">Rubiklin</a> (Rb(AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>)), der 1998 auf der Insel Elba gefunden wurde und strukturell dem Mikroklin entspricht, aber mehr Rubidium als Kalium enthält.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Außer Rubiklin sind bisher mit Voloshinit (Rb(LiAl<sub>1,5</sub>☐<sub>0,5</sub>)(Al<sub>0,5</sub>Si<sub>3,5</sub>)O<sub>10</sub>F<sub>2</sub>) und Ramanit-(Rb) (RbB<sub>5</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O) nur zwei weitere Minerale mit formelrelevantem Gehalt an Rubidium bekannt (Stand 2025).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Größere Vorkommen an rubidium-reichen Pegmatiten wurden in <a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="Australien" title="Australien">Australien</a>, <a href="Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="Volksrepublik_China" title="Volksrepublik China">China</a>, <a href="D%C3%A4nemark" title="Dänemark">Dänemark</a>, <a href="Deutschland" title="Deutschland">Deutschland</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="Kasachstan" title="Kasachstan">Kasachstan</a>, <a href="Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>, dem <a href="Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich">Vereinigten Königreich</a>, den <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">Vereinigten Staaten</a> und <a href="Sambia" title="Sambia">Sambia</a> gefunden. Genaue Zahlen zu Rubidium-Reserven sind nicht bekannt, die abbaubaren Mengen in Australien, Kanada, China und Namibia werden aus unter 200.000&nbsp;Tonnen geschätzt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darstellung">Darstellung</h2></div>

<p>Im Labor erfolgt die Darstellung kleiner Mengen reinen Rubidiums über die Reduktion des <a href="Rubidiumchromat" title="Rubidiumchromat">Chromats</a> oder <a href="Rubidiumdichromat" title="Rubidiumdichromat">Dichromats</a> mittels <a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Brauer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brauer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Rb2Cr2O7 + 2 Zr -> 2 Rb + 2 ZrO2 + Cr2O3}}}">
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<mo stretchy="false">⟶<!-- ⟶ --></mo>
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<mtext>ZrO</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Rb2Cr2O7 + 2 Zr -&gt; 2 Rb + 2 ZrO2 + Cr2O3}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb7f94c98696adca5eb18a45bf764694bd2e2895.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:45.865ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathrm {Rb} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {Cr} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {O} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{7}}{}+{}2\,\mathrm {Zr} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}2\,\mathrm {Rb} {}+{}2\,\mathrm {ZrO} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}{}+{}\mathrm {Cr} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {O} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>oder die thermische Zersetzung von <a href="Rubidiumazid" title="Rubidiumazid">Rubidiumazid</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 RbN3 -> 2 Rb + 3 N2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtext>RbN</mtext>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 RbN3 -&gt; 2 Rb + 3 N2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/835ba1a1fb69894fe16e954bb938fb6c3cbd465b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.186ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {2\,\mathrm {RbN} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}{}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}2\,\mathrm {Rb} {}+{}3\,\mathrm {N} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>sowie anschließender <a href="Destillation" title="Destillation">Destillation</a> im <a href="Hochvakuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochvakuum">Hochvakuum</a>.
</p><p>Metallisches Rubidium kann außerdem durch Reduktion von <a href="Rubidiumchlorid" title="Rubidiumchlorid">Rubidiumchlorid</a> mit <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> im <a href="Vakuum" title="Vakuum">Vakuum</a> hergestellt werden.<sup id="cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>

<p>Wie die anderen Alkalimetalle ist Rubidium an der Luft unbeständig und oxidiert. Mit Wasser reagiert es äußerst heftig unter Bildung von <a href="Rubidiumhydroxid" title="Rubidiumhydroxid">Rubidiumhydroxid</a> und <a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">Wasserstoff</a>, der sich in der Luft in der Regel entzündet. Mit <a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Quecksilber</a> bildet es ein <a href="Amalgam" title="Amalgam">Amalgam</a>, mit den Metallen <a href="Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a>, <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a>, <a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> und <a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> ist es legierbar. Rubidium ist ein starkes <a href="Reduktionsmittel" title="Reduktionsmittel">Reduktionsmittel</a>.
</p><p>Rubidium hat zwei dunkelrote Spektrallinien (daher der Name des Elements).<sup id="cite_ref-BuKi1861_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BuKi1861-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotope">Isotope</h2></div>
<p>Von den beiden natürlich vorkommenden Isotopen ist nur <sup>85</sup>Rb stabil, <sup>87</sup>Rb ist ein <a href="Betastrahlung" title="Betastrahlung">Betastrahler</a> und zerfällt zu <sup>87</sup><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>. Mit einer extrem langen Halbwertszeit von etwa 48 Milliarden Jahren ist seine Radioaktivität sehr gering.
</p><p>Mehrere Isotope werden für bestimmte Anwendungen eingesetzt. Das Verhältnis von Rb- und Sr-Isotopen in Gesteinen wird zur <a href="Radiometrische_Datierung" title="Radiometrische Datierung">radiometrischen Datierung</a> auf <a href="Kosmologie" title="Kosmologie">kosmologischen</a> Zeitskalen herangezogen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Für Zeitstandards werden <sup>87</sup>Rb und <sup>85</sup>Rb verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<sup>82</sup>Rb und <sup>86</sup>Rb werden zum Teil als Tracer verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<p>Rubidium und seine Verbindungen besitzen ein nur kleines Anwendungsspektrum und werden hauptsächlich in der Forschung und Entwicklung eingesetzt.
</p><p>Die wichtigste Anwendung von Rubidium ist in <a href="Rubidiumuhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidiumuhr">Rubidiumuhren</a> (einer Art von <a href="Atomuhr" title="Atomuhr">Atomuhren</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bei denen ein <a href="Hyperfeinstruktur" title="Hyperfeinstruktur">Hyperfein</a>-Übergang von <sup>87</sup>Rb als Frequenzgeber dient. Solche Rubidiumuhren dienen insbesondere als Zeitgeber in den Satelliten des <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und anderer Satelliten-Navigationssysteme (<a href="Galileo_(Satellitennavigation)" title="Galileo (Satellitennavigation)">Galileo</a>, <a href="GLONASS" title="GLONASS">Glonass</a>, <a href="Beidou_(Satellitennavigation)" title="Beidou (Satellitennavigation)">BeiDou</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In der Medizin dient <sup>82</sup>Rb als <a href="Tracer_(Nuklearmedizin)" title="Tracer (Nuklearmedizin)">Tracer</a> in <a href="Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie" title="Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie">PET</a>-<a href="Perfusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfusion">Perfusionsstudien</a> des <a href="Myokard" class="mw-redirect" title="Myokard">Myokards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Rubidium wird nicht in dekorativer <a href="Pyrotechnik" title="Pyrotechnik">Pyrotechnik</a> verwendet, kommt aber in spezieller Pyrotechnik im militärischen Bereich zum Einsatz, zum Beispiel für <a href="Infrarotstrahlung" title="Infrarotstrahlung">Infrarot</a>-Tarnnebel und Infrarot-<a href="Flares_(T%C3%A4uschk%C3%B6rper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flares (Täuschkörper)">Flares</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verwendung_im_wissenschaftlichen_Bereich">Verwendung im wissenschaftlichen Bereich</h3></div>
<p>Rubidium eignet sich zur Demonstration der <a href="Laserk%C3%BChlung" title="Laserkühlung">Laserkühlung</a>, da hier günstige Laserdioden für die relevanten Wellenlängen zur Verfügung stehen, sodass die Herstellung eines <a href="Bose-Einstein-Kondensat" title="Bose-Einstein-Kondensat">Bose-Einstein-Kondensats</a> vergleichsweise einfach möglich ist.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Verwendung von Rubidium in Speichern für <a href="Quantencomputer" title="Quantencomputer">Quanten-Computer</a> wird ebenfalls erforscht.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natrium-Rubidium-Tartrat wurde im Jahr <a href="1951" title="1951">1951</a> für die erste Aufklärung einer <a href="Stereochemie" title="Stereochemie">absoluten stereochemischen Konfiguration</a> verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nachweis">Nachweis</h2></div>
<p>Zum Nachweis von Rubidium kann man seine rotviolette <a href="Flammenf%C3%A4rbung" title="Flammenfärbung">Flammenfärbung</a> nutzen. Im <a href="Spektroskop" title="Spektroskop">Spektroskop</a> zeigt sich eine deutliche <a href="Emissionslinie" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissionslinie">Emissionslinie</a> bei 780,0&nbsp;nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quantitativ lässt sich dies in der <a href="Flammenphotometrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammenphotometrie">Flammenphotometrie</a> zur Bestimmung von Rubidiumspuren nutzen.
In der <a href="Polarographie" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarographie">Polarographie</a> zeigt Rubidium eine reversible kathodische Stufe bei −2,118&nbsp;V (gegen <a href="Kalomelelektrode" title="Kalomelelektrode">SCE</a>). Dabei müssen als Grundelektrolyt <a href="Quart%C3%A4re_Ammoniumverbindungen" title="Quartäre Ammoniumverbindungen">quartäre Ammoniumverbindungen</a> (hier beispielsweise 0,1 <a href="Molarit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarität">M</a> <a href="Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid" title="Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid">Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid</a>) verwendet werden, weil andere Alkali- oder Erdalkalimetallionen sehr ähnliche Halbstufenpotentiale besitzen.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ein weiterer qualitativer Nachweis ist die Bildung eines schwerlöslichen Tripelsalzes in schwach saurer Lösung mit Natrium-, Bismut- und Nitritionen, die einen gelbgefärbten Niederschlag der Zusammensetzung RbNaBi(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub> liefern, dessen Kristalle eine oktaedrische Form aufweisen. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 0,5 mg Rubidium. Diese kann durch Verwendung von Silberionen anstelle der Natriumionen noch gesteigert werden, allerdings liefert Caesium eine ähnliche Reaktion.<sup id="cite_ref-HDAC_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDAC-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiologie">Physiologie</h2></div>
<p>Für Pflanzen ist Rubidium vermutlich nicht essentiell, bei Tieren scheint es für den normalen Verlauf der <a href="Tr%C3%A4chtigkeit" title="Trächtigkeit">Trächtigkeit</a> notwendig zu sein.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Rubidiumbedarf des Menschen dürfte bei weniger als 100 µg pro Tag liegen. Mit der üblichen Mischkost kommt er auf etwa 1,7 mg am Tag. Ein Rubidiummangel ist bei diesem Angebot ebenso wenig zu erwarten wie eine nutritive Rubidiumbelastung.
Tee und Kaffee – <a href="Arabica-Kaffee" title="Arabica-Kaffee">Arabica-Kaffee</a> hat den höchsten Rubidium-Gehalt, der in Lebensmitteln festgestellt wurde (Arabica-Bohne: 25,5–182 mg/kg Trockensubstanz)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – liefern Erwachsenen im Mittel 40&nbsp;% der verzehrten Rubidiummenge. Rubidium wirkt im <a href="Zentrales_Nervensystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentrales Nervensystem">zentralen Nervensystem</a> und beeinflusst dort die Konzentration von <a href="Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmittern</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wobei es die entgegengesetzte Wirkung zum <a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> hat.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein therapeutischer Einsatz von Rubidium bei <a href="Bipolare_St%C3%B6rung" title="Bipolare Störung">bipolarer Störung</a> wurde im 20. Jahrhundert untersucht. Aus dieser Untersuchung ergab sich keine Empfehlung für einen breiten Einsatz zur Behandlung dieser Störung.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ein Rubidiummangel kann bei <a href="Dialyse" title="Dialyse">Dialysepatienten</a> vorliegen.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicherheitshinweise">Sicherheitshinweise</h2></div>
<p>Rubidium ist selbstentzündlich und reagiert äußerst heftig mit Wasser. Aus Sicherheitsgründen ist Rubidium in trockenem <a href="Mineral%C3%B6l" title="Mineralöl">Mineralöl</a>, im Vakuum oder in einer <a href="Inertgas" title="Inertgas">Inertgasatmosphäre</a> aufzubewahren.
</p><p>Rubidium-Ionen sind nur in sehr großen Mengen gesundheitsschädlich.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbindungen">Verbindungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxide_und_Hydroxide">Oxide und Hydroxide</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Rubidiumoxid" title="Rubidiumoxid">Rubidiumoxid</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>O</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumperoxid" title="Rubidiumperoxid">Rubidiumperoxid</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumhyperoxid" title="Rubidiumhyperoxid">Rubidiumhyperoxid</a> RbO<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumozonid" title="Rubidiumozonid">Rubidiumozonid</a> RbO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumhydroxid" title="Rubidiumhydroxid">Rubidiumhydroxid</a> RbOH</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halogenide">Halogenide</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Rubidiumfluorid" title="Rubidiumfluorid">Rubidiumfluorid</a> RbF</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumchlorid" title="Rubidiumchlorid">Rubidiumchlorid</a> RbCl</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumbromid" title="Rubidiumbromid">Rubidiumbromid</a> RbBr</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumiodid" title="Rubidiumiodid">Rubidiumiodid</a> RbI</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumtriiodid" title="Rubidiumtriiodid">Rubidiumtriiodid</a> RbI<sub>3</sub></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonstige_Verbindungen">Sonstige Verbindungen</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Rubidiumnitrat" title="Rubidiumnitrat">Rubidiumnitrat</a> RbNO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumsulfat" title="Rubidiumsulfat">Rubidiumsulfat</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumhydrogensulfat" title="Rubidiumhydrogensulfat">Rubidiumhydrogensulfat</a> RbHSO<sub>4</sub></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Rubidiumchlorat" title="Rubidiumchlorat">Rubidiumchlorat</a> RbClO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumperchlorat" title="Rubidiumperchlorat">Rubidiumperchlorat</a> RbClO<sub>4</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumbromat" title="Rubidiumbromat">Rubidiumbromat</a> RbBrO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumiodat" title="Rubidiumiodat">Rubidiumiodat</a> RbIO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumperiodat" title="Rubidiumperiodat">Rubidiumperiodat</a> RbIO<sub>4</sub></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Rubidiumchromat" title="Rubidiumchromat">Rubidiumchromat</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumdichromat" title="Rubidiumdichromat">Rubidiumdichromat</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumcarbonat" title="Rubidiumcarbonat">Rubidiumcarbonat</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumhydrogencarbonat" title="Rubidiumhydrogencarbonat">Rubidiumhydrogencarbonat</a> RbHCO<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumdithionat" title="Rubidiumdithionat">Rubidiumdithionat</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumacetat" title="Rubidiumacetat">Rubidiumacetat</a> CH<sub>3</sub>COORb</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumformiat" title="Rubidiumformiat">Rubidiumformiat</a> HCOORb</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Rubidiumhydrid" title="Rubidiumhydrid">Rubidiumhydrid</a> RbH</li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumamid" title="Rubidiumamid">Rubidiumamid</a> RbNH<sub>2</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumazid" title="Rubidiumazid">Rubidiumazid</a> RbN<sub>3</sub></li>
<li><a href="Rubidiumselenid" title="Rubidiumselenid">Rubidiumselenid</a> Rb<sub>2</sub>Se</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Harry_H._Binder-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Harry_H._Binder_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Harry_H._Binder" title="Harry H. Binder">Harry H. Binder</a>: <i>Lexikon der chemischen Elemente.</i> S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die Werte für die Eigenschaften (Infobox) sind, wenn nicht anders angegeben, aus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/rubidium/">www.webelements.com (Rubidium)</a> entnommen.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CIAAW-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/atomic-weights.htm">CIAAW, Standard Atomic Weights Revised 2013</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manjeera Mantina, Adam C. Chamberlin, Rosendo Valero, Christopher J. Cramer, Donald G. Truhlar: <i>Consistent van der Waals Radii for the Whole Main Group.</i> In: <i><a href="J._Phys._Chem._A" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Phys. Chem. A">J. Phys. Chem. A</a></i> 113, 2009, S.&nbsp;5806–5812, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/jp8111556" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/jp8111556">doi:10.1021/jp8111556</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-ASD-rubidium-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST-ASD-rubidium_5-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/ASD/ie.pl?spectra=rubidium&amp;units=1&amp;e_out=0&amp;unc_out=1&amp;at_num_out=1&amp;el_name_out=1&amp;ion_charge_out=1&amp;biblio=1"><i>rubidium</i></a> in Kramida, A., Ralchenko, Yu., Reader, J. und NIST ASD Team (2019): <cite style="font-style:italic">NIST Atomic Spectra Database (ver. 5.7.1)</cite>. Hrsg.: <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, Gaithersburg, MD. <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434/T4W30F">10.18434/T4W30F</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/asd">physics.nist.gov/asd</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.au=Kramida%2C+A.%2C+Ralchenko%2C+...&amp;rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database+%28ver.+5.7.1%29&amp;rft.doi=10.18434%2FT4W30F&amp;rft.genre=book" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span> Abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Webelements-rubidium-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-3">d</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Webelements-rubidium_6-4">e</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/rubidium/atoms.html"><i>rubidium</i></a> bei <i>WebElements, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com">www.webelements.com</a></i>, abgerufen am 11.&nbsp;Juni 2020.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Greenwood-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_7-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_7-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw: <i>Chemie der Elemente.</i> 1. Auflage. VCH, Weinheim 1988, ISBN 3-527-26169-9, S.&nbsp;97.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert C. Weast (Hrsg.): <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. CRC (Chemical Rubber Publishing Company), Boca Raton 1990, ISBN 0-8493-0470-9, S. E-129 bis E-145. Werte dort sind auf g/mol bezogen und in cgs-Einheiten angegeben. Der hier angegebene Wert ist der daraus berechnete maßeinheitslose SI-Wert.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_9-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NIST_9-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikhila Narayana, Donald R. Burgess: <i>Melting points and boiling points for the alkali metals.</i> NIST Technical Note 2273. Hrsg.: <a href="NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>, Gaithersburg, MD, 2024, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2273">10.6028/NIST.TN.2273</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yiming Zhang, Julian R. G. Evans, Shoufeng Yang: <i>Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_Chemical_%26_Engineering_Data" title="Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data">Journal of Chemical &amp; Engineering Data</a>.</i> 56, 2011, S.&nbsp;328–337, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/je1011086" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/je1011086">doi:10.1021/je1011086</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Ludwig_Bergmann_(Physiker)" title="Ludwig Bergmann (Physiker)">Ludwig Bergmann</a>, <a href="Clemens_Schaefer_(Physiker)" title="Clemens Schaefer (Physiker)">Clemens Schaefer</a>, <a href="Rainer_Kassing" title="Rainer Kassing">Rainer Kassing</a>: <i><a href="Bergmann-Schaefer_Lehrbuch_der_Experimentalphysik" title="Bergmann-Schaefer Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik">Lehrbuch der Experimentalphysik</a>.</i> Band 6: <i>Festkörper.</i> 2. Auflage. Walter de Gruyter, 2005, ISBN 3-11-017485-5, S.&nbsp;361.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924090740/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=87RB&amp;unc=nds"><i>Decay Radiation Results.</i></a> In: <i>Chart of Nuclides database.</i> National Nuclear Data Center, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fchart%2Fdecaysearchdirect.jsp%3Fnuc%3D87RB%26unc%3Dnds">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">24.&nbsp;September 2008</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;Januar 2012</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ARubidium&amp;rft.title=Decay+Radiation+Results&amp;rft.description=Decay+Radiation+Results&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080924090740%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fchart%2Fdecaysearchdirect.jsp%3Fnuc%3D87RB%26unc%3Dnds&amp;rft.publisher=National+Nuclear+Data+Center&amp;rft.source=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=87RB&amp;unc=nds">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GESTIS-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS_13-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GESTIS_13-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=007370">Rubidium</a></span> in der <a href="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank" title="GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank">GESTIS-Stoffdatenbank</a> des <a href="Institut_f%C3%BCr_Arbeitsschutz_der_Deutschen_Gesetzlichen_Unfallversicherung" title="Institut für Arbeitsschutz der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung">IFA</a>, abgerufen am 10.&nbsp;Januar 2025.<small class="noscript"><span></span> (JavaScript erforderlich)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bunsen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bunsen_14-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bunsen_14-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bunsen_14-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bunsen_14-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Kirchhoff, R. Bunsen: <i>Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen.</i> In: <i><a href="Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a>.</i> 189, 7, 1861, S.&nbsp;337–381, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18611890702" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702">doi:10.1002/andp.18611890702</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Zsigmondy: <i>Colloids and the Ultramicroscope</i>. Read books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4067-5938-9, S.&nbsp;69 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=Ac2mGhqjgUkC&amp;pg=PA69#v=onepage">Colloids and the Ultramicroscope</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Bunsen: <i>Ueber die Darstellung und die Eigenschaften des Rubidiums.</i> In: <i>Justus Liebig s Annalen der Chemie.</i> 1863, Band 125, Nummer 3, S.&nbsp;367–368 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18631250314">10.1002/jlac.18631250314</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.C. Butterman and R.G. Reese, Jr.: <i>Mineral Commodity Profiles Rubidium.</i> <a href="United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. Open-File Report 03-045 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-045/of03-045.pdf">online, pdf</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Riley: <i>A History of the Rubidium Frequency Standard.</i> IEEE UFFC-S History, 2019 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieee-uffc.org/files/ieeeuffcorg/2021-09/A%20History%20of%20the%20Rubidium%20Frequency%20Standard.pdf">online,pdf</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Königlich Schwedische Akademie der Wissenschaften: <i>Pressemitteilung: Der Nobelpreis in Physik 2001</i>, 9 Oktober 2001 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2001/9841-pressemitteilung-der-nobelpreis-in-physik-2001/">online auf nobelprize.org</a>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael H. Anderson, J. R. Ensher, M. R. Matthews, Carl Wieman, Eric Cornell: <i>Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor.</i> In: <i><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a>.</i> 1995, Band 269, Nummer 5221, S.&nbsp;198–201 <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5221.198">10.1126/science.269.5221.198</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CRC-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Lide (Hrsg.): <i><a href="CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i>. 90.&nbsp;Auflage. (Internet-Version: 2010), CRC Press&nbsp;/ Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton FL, <i>Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea</i>, S.&nbsp;14-18.<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaGeochemistry-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaGeochemistry_22-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaGeochemistry_22-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaGeochemistry_22-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Nebel: <i>Rubidium.</i> In: William White (Hrsg.): <i>Encyclopedia of Geochemistry.</i> Springer, 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-39311-7, S.&nbsp;1316–1318.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Środoń: <i>The role of illite in the global cycle of elements.</i> In: <i>Clays and Clay Minerals.</i> Band 73, Nr. 21, 2025, S.&nbsp;1–10, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/cmn.2025.10">10.1017/cmn.2025.10</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Zhang-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_24-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_24-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhifei Zhang, Weilun Li, Wenjuan Zhang, Chenyang Wang, Zhongwei Zhao, Yeonuk Choi, Han Zhang, Tianyu Zhao, Farzaneh Sadri: <i>A review of rubidium: Resources, technologies, and applications.</i> In: <i>Desalination.</i> Band 620, 2026, Artikel 119612, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2025.119612">10.1016/j.desal.2025.119612</a></span>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David K. Teertstra, Petr Cerny, Frank C. Hawthorne, Julie Pier, Lu-Min Wang, Rodney C. Ewing: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rubicline, a new feldspar from San Piero in Campo, Elba, Italy</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Mineralogist</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>83</span>, 11–12 Part 1, Dezember 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1335–1339</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-11-1223">10.2138/am-1998-11-1223</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Rubicline%2C+a+new+feldspar+from+San+Piero+in+Campo%2C+Elba%2C+Italy&amp;rft.au=David+K.+Teertstra%2C+Petr+Cerny%2C+Frank+C.+Hawthorne%2C+...&amp;rft.date=1998-12&amp;rft.doi=10.2138%2Fam-1998-11-1223&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=11-12+Part+1&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&amp;rft.pages=1335-1339&amp;rft.volume=83" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">David Barthelmy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webmineral.com/chem/Chem-Rb.shtml"><i>Mineral Species sorted by the element Rb (Rubidium).</i></a> In: <i>webmineral.com.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 27.&nbsp;November 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ARubidium&amp;rft.title=Mineral+Species+sorted+by+the+element+Rb+%28Rubidium%29&amp;rft.description=Mineral+Species+sorted+by+the+element+Rb+%28Rubidium%29&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fchem%2FChem-Rb.shtml&amp;rft.creator=David+Barthelmy&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Malcolm Back, Cristian Biagioni, William D. Birch, Michel Blondieau, Hans-Peter Boja und andere: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnmnc.units.it/files/IMA_Master_List_(2024-07).pdf"><i>The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Updated: July 2024.</i></a> (PDF; 3,6&nbsp;MB) In: <i>cnmnc.units.it.</i> IMA/CNMNC, Marco Pasero, Juli 2024,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 13.&nbsp;August 2024</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ARubidium&amp;rft.title=The+New+IMA+List+of+Minerals+%E2%80%93+A+Work+in+Progress+%E2%80%93+Updated%3A+July+2024&amp;rft.description=The+New+IMA+List+of+Minerals+%E2%80%93+A+Work+in+Progress+%E2%80%93+Updated%3A+July+2024&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fcnmnc.units.it%2Ffiles%2FIMA_Master_List_%282024-07%29.pdf&amp;rft.creator=Malcolm+Back%2C+Cristian+Biagioni%2C+William+D.+Birch%2C+Michel+Blondieau%2C+Hans-Peter+Boja+und+andere&amp;rft.publisher=IMA%2FCNMNC%2C+Marco+Pasero&amp;rft.date=2024-07&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Candice C. Tuck: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-rubidium.pdf"><i>Rubidium</i></a>. In: U.S. Geological Survey: <i>Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>, Januar 2025, abgerufen am 29. Dezember 2025.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Brauer-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brauer_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Brauer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Freie Alkalimetalle</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie</cite>. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1954, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>724<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Freie+Alkalimetalle&amp;rft.au=Georg+Brauer&amp;rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Pr%C3%A4parativen+Anorganischen+Chemie&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=724ff&amp;rft.place=Stuttgart&amp;rft.pub=Ferdinand+Enke+Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Eagleson: <i>Concise encyclopedia chemisry</i> Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 1994, ISBN 3-11-011451-8, S. 958</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.J. Meyer, Erich Pietsch: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Gmelins_Handbuch_der_Anorganischen_Chemie" class="mw-redirect" title="Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie">Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</a></cite>. Hrsg.: Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft. 8. völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>24</span>. Verlag Chemie GmbH, Berlin 1937, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>114</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.au=R.J.+Meyer%2C+Erich+Pietsch&amp;rft.btitle=Gmelins+Handbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&amp;rft.date=1937&amp;rft.edition=8.+v%C3%B6llig+neu+bearbeitete&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=114&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Verlag+Chemie+GmbH&amp;rft.volume=24" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-BuKi1861-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BuKi1861_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gustav Kirchhoff, Robert Bunsen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik und Chemie</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>189</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>7</span>, 1861, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>337–381</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18611890702">10.1002/andp.18611890702</a></span>, <a href="Bibcode" title="Bibcode">bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1861AnP...189..337K">1861AnP...189..337K</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Chemische+Analyse+durch+Spectralbeobachtungen&amp;rft.au=Gustav+Kirchhoff%2C+Robert+Bunsen&amp;rft.date=1861&amp;rft.doi=10.1002%2Fandp.18611890702&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&amp;rft.pages=337-381&amp;rft.volume=189" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Pasteels: <cite style="font-style:italic">A comparison of methods in geochronology</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Earth-Science Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, 1.&nbsp;Januar 1968, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5–38</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252%2868%2990145-1">10.1016/0012-8252(68)90145-1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+methods+in+geochronology&amp;rft.au=Paul+Pasteels&amp;rft.btitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&amp;rft.date=1968-01-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2F0012-8252%2868%2990145-1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=5-38&amp;rft.volume=4" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Camparo, James C., Travis U. Driskell, and A. F. S. Command. "The mercury-ion clock and the pulsed-laser rubidium clock: Near-term candidates for future GPS deployment." <i>Aerospace Report NO. TOR-2015-03893S</i> (2015).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Yukio Yano: <cite style="font-style:italic">Essentials of a rubidium-82 generator for nuclear medicine</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>38</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, 1.&nbsp;Januar 1987, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>205–211</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2889%2887%2990089-X">10.1016/0883-2889(87)90089-X</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Essentials+of+a+rubidium-82+generator+for+nuclear+medicine&amp;rft.au=Yukio+Yano&amp;rft.date=1987-01-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2F0883-2889%2887%2990089-X&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Applications+and+Instrumentation.+Part+A.+Applied+Radiation+and+Isotopes&amp;rft.pages=205-211&amp;rft.volume=38" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">U. Hilfrich, U. Weser: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rubidium hydroxide polyethylene glycol crown ether in the conservation of old master paintings*</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Archaeometry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>46</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, August 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>481–496</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00169.x">10.1111/j.1475-4754.2004.00169.x</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Rubidium+hydroxide+polyethylene+glycol+crown+ether+in+the+conservation+of+old+master+paintings%2A&amp;rft.au=U.+Hilfrich%2C+U.+Weser&amp;rft.date=2004-08&amp;rft.doi=10.1111%2Fj.1475-4754.2004.00169.x&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Archaeometry&amp;rft.pages=481-496&amp;rft.volume=46" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellwig, Helmut, and A. E. Wainwright. "A portable rubidium clock for precision time transport." <i>Proceedings of the 7th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval Systems and Applications Meeting</i>. 1975.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Qingsong Ai, Kamil Maciuk, Paulina Lewinska, Lukasz Borowski: <cite style="font-style:italic">Characteristics of Onefold Clocks of GPS, Galileo, BeiDou and GLONASS Systems</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sensors</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>21</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>7</span>, 30.&nbsp;März 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2396</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072396">10.3390/s21072396</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33808452?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33808452</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8036797/">PMC&nbsp;8036797</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+Onefold+Clocks+of+GPS%2C+Galileo%2C+BeiDou+and+GLONASS+Systems&amp;rft.au=Qingsong+Ai%2C+Kamil+Maciuk%2C+Paulina+Lewinska%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2021-03-30&amp;rft.doi=10.3390%2Fs21072396&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.jtitle=Sensors&amp;rft.pages=2396&amp;rft.pmc=8036797&amp;rft.pmid=33808452&amp;rft.volume=21" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernardo Jaduszliwer, James Camparo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Past, present and future of atomic clocks for GNSS</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">GPS Solutions</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, Januar 2021, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>27</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-020-01059-x">10.1007/s10291-020-01059-x</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Past%2C+present+and+future+of+atomic+clocks+for+GNSS&amp;rft.au=Bernardo+Jaduszliwer%2C+James+Camparo&amp;rft.date=2021-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2Fs10291-020-01059-x&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=GPS+Solutions&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.volume=25" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keiichiro Yoshinaga, Ran Klein, Nagara Tamaki: <cite style="font-style:italic">Generator-produced rubidium-82 positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging—From basic aspects to clinical applications</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of Cardiology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>55</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, März 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>163–173</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.01.001">10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.01.001</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Generator-produced+rubidium-82+positron+emission+tomography+myocardial+perfusion+imaging%E2%80%94From+basic+aspects+to+clinical+applications&amp;rft.au=Keiichiro+Yoshinaga%2C+Ran+Klein%2C+Nagara+Tamaki&amp;rft.date=2010-03&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.jjcc.2010.01.001&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cardiology&amp;rft.pages=163-173&amp;rft.volume=55" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, Ernst-Christian. "Special Materials in Pyrotechnics Part 2. Application of Caesium and Rubidium Compounds in Pyrotechnics." <i>Journal of Pyrotechnics</i> (2002): 9-24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opg.optica.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-20-8-8915&amp;html=true"><i>Optica Publishing Group.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 5.&nbsp;Mai 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ARubidium&amp;rft.title=Optica+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.description=Optica+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fopg.optica.org%2Foe%2Fviewmedia.cfm%3Furi%3Doe-20-8-8915%26html%3Dtrue">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Long Tian, Shujing Li, Haoxiang Yuan, Hai Wang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Generation of Narrow-Band Polarization-Entangled Photon Pairs at a Rubidium D1 Line</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Physical Society of Japan</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>85</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>12</span>, 15.&nbsp;Dezember 2016, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>124403</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSJ.85.124403">10.7566/JPSJ.85.124403</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Generation+of+Narrow-Band+Polarization-Entangled+Photon+Pairs+at+a+Rubidium+D1+Line&amp;rft.au=Long+Tian%2C+Shujing+Li%2C+Haoxiang+Yuan%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2016-12-15&amp;rft.doi=10.7566%2FJPSJ.85.124403&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Physical+Society+of+Japan&amp;rft.pages=124403&amp;rft.volume=85" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hosseini, B. M. Sparkes, G. Campbell, P. K. Lam, B. C. Buchler: <cite style="font-style:italic">High efficiency coherent optical memory with warm rubidium vapour</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature Communications</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, 1.&nbsp;Februar 2011, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>174</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1175">10.1038/ncomms1175</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21285952?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21285952</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3105315/">PMC&nbsp;3105315</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=High+efficiency+coherent+optical+memory+with+warm+rubidium+vapour&amp;rft.au=M.+Hosseini%2C+B.+M.+Sparkes%2C+G.+Campbell%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2011-02-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1038%2Fncomms1175&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&amp;rft.pages=174&amp;rft.pmc=3105315&amp;rft.pmid=21285952&amp;rft.volume=2" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Bijvoet, A. F. Peerdeman, A. J. van BOMMEL: <cite style="font-style:italic">Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Optically Active Compounds by Means of X-Rays</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>168</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4268</span>, August 1951, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>271–272</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/168271a0">10.1038/168271a0</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Determination+of+the+Absolute+Configuration+of+Optically+Active+Compounds+by+Means+of+X-Rays&amp;rft.au=J.+M.+Bijvoet%2C+A.+F.+Peerdeman%2C+A.+J.+van+BOMMEL&amp;rft.date=1951-08&amp;rft.doi=10.1038%2F168271a0&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=4268&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=271-272&amp;rft.volume=168" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">J. Heyrovský</a>, J. Kůta: <i>Grundlagen der Polarographie.</i> Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1965, S.&nbsp;515.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HDAC-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HDAC_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Fresenius, G. Jander: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rubidium – Fällung als Rubidium-Natrium-Wismutnitrit mit Natrium-Wismutnitrit</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Handbuch der analytischen Chemie, Zweiter Teil: Qualitative Nachweisverfahren, Band 1a: Elemente der ersten Hauptgruppe (einschl. Ammonium)</cite>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1944, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>155–156</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Rubidium+-+F%C3%A4llung+als+Rubidium-Natrium-Wismutnitrit+mit+Natrium-Wismutnitrit&amp;rft.au=R.+Fresenius%2C+G.+Jander&amp;rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+analytischen+Chemie%2C+Zweiter+Teil%3A+Qualitative+Nachweisverfahren%2C+Band+1a%3A+Elemente+der+ersten+Hauptgruppe+%28einschl.+Ammonium%29&amp;rft.date=1944&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=155-156&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Anke, Ljubomir Angelow, Ralf Müller, Sabine Anke: <cite style="font-style:italic">Recent progress in exploring the essentiality of the ultratrace element rubidium to the nutrition of animals and man</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biomedical Research on Trace Elements</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>16</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>203–207</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11299/brte.16.203">10.11299/brte.16.203</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+progress+in+exploring+the+essentiality+of+the+ultratrace+element+rubidium+to+the+nutrition+of+animals+and+man&amp;rft.au=Manfred+Anke%2C+Ljubomir+Angelow%2C+Ralf+M%C3%BCller%2C+...&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.doi=10.11299%2Fbrte.16.203&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Biomedical+Research+on+Trace+Elements&amp;rft.pages=203-207&amp;rft.volume=16" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Illy, Rinantonio Viani: <i>Espresso Coffee: The Science of Quality.</i> Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, ISBN 0-12-370371-9, S.&nbsp;150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Krachler, G. H. Wirnsberger: <i>Long-term changes of plasma trace element concentrations in chronic hemodialysis patients.</i> In: <i>Blood Purif.</i> 18(2), 2000, S.&nbsp;138–143, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10838473?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10838473</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald R. Fieve, Herbert Meltzer, David L. Dunner, Morton Levitt, Julien Mendlewicz, Ann Thomas: <cite style="font-style:italic">Rubidium: Biochemical, Behavioral, and Metabolic Studies in Humans</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">American Journal of Psychiatry</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>130</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1</span>, Januar 1973, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>55–61</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.130.1.55">10.1176/ajp.130.1.55</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Rubidium%3A+Biochemical%2C+Behavioral%2C+and+Metabolic+Studies+in+Humans&amp;rft.au=Ronald+R.+Fieve%2C+Herbert+Meltzer%2C+David+L.+Dunner%2C+...&amp;rft.date=1973-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1176%2Fajp.130.1.55&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&amp;rft.pages=55-61&amp;rft.volume=130" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C Paschalis, F A Jenner, C R Lee: <cite style="font-style:italic">Effects of Rubidium Chloride on the Course of Manic-Depressive Illness</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>71</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5</span>, Mai 1978, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>343–352</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/014107687807100507">10.1177/014107687807100507</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/349155?dopt=Abstract">PMID 349155</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1436619/">PMC&nbsp;1436619</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Rubidium+Chloride+on+the+Course+of+Manic-Depressive+Illness&amp;rft.au=C+Paschalis%2C+F+A+Jenner%2C+C+R+Lee&amp;rft.date=1978-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1177%2F014107687807100507&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=343-352&amp;rft.pmc=1436619&amp;rft.pmid=349155&amp;rft.volume=71" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. L. Meltzer, R. M. Taylor, S. R. Platman, R. R. Fieve: <i>Rubidium: A potential modifier of effect and behaviour.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a>.</i> 223, 1969, S.&nbsp;321–322, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4978331?dopt=Abstract">PMID 4978331</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Canavese, E. DeCostanzi, L. Branciforte u. a.: <i>Rubidium deficiency in dialysis patients.</i> In: <i>J Nephrol.</i> 14(3), 2001, S.&nbsp;169–175, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11439740?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11439740</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garland T. Johnson, Trent R. Lewis, William D. Wagner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Acute toxicity of cesium and rubidium compounds</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>32</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>, 1.&nbsp;Mai 1975, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>239–245</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X%2875%2990216-1">10.1016/0041-008X(75)90216-1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Rubidium&amp;rft.atitle=Acute+toxicity+of+cesium+and+rubidium+compounds&amp;rft.au=Garland+T.+Johnson%2C+Trent+R.+Lewis%2C+William+D.+Wagner&amp;rft.date=1975-05-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1016%2F0041-008X%2875%2990216-1&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Toxicology+and+Applied+Pharmacology&amp;rft.pages=239-245&amp;rft.volume=32" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rubidium" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Rubidium">Wiktionary: Rubidium</a></b>&nbsp;– Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rubidium?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Rubidium</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Periodensystem" title="Periodensystem">Periodensystem</a> der <a href="Chemisches_Element" title="Chemisches Element">Elemente</a></div>
<div class="klappleiste-inhalt mw-collapsible-content">
<table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff">H</a>
</td>
<td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Helium" title="Helium">He</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Bor" title="Bor">B</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff">C</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Stickstoff" title="Stickstoff">N</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff">O</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>
</td>
<td colspan="24">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Silicium" title="Silicium">Si</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Phosphor" title="Phosphor">P</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#32cd32"><a href="Schwefel" title="Schwefel">S</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Titan_(Element)" title="Titan (Element)">Ti</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Chrom" title="Chrom">Cr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Eisen" title="Eisen">Fe</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Kupfer" title="Kupfer">Cu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Selen" title="Selen">Se</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>
</td>
<td colspan="14">
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän">Mo</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Silber" title="Silber">Ag</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Indium" title="Indium">In</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Zinn" title="Zinn">Sn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cd853f"><a href="Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Iod" title="Iod">I</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Lanthan" title="Lanthan">La</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Cer" title="Cer">Ce</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dda0dd"><a href="Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Quecksilber" title="Quecksilber">Hg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Blei" title="Blei">Pb</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a9a9a9"><a href="Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f0e68c"><a href="Astat" title="Astat">At</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#87cefa"><a href="Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff4500"><a href="Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff8c00"><a href="Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Uran" title="Uran">U</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#da70d6"><a href="Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#f08080"><a href="Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a>
</td>
<td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#dcdcdc"><a href="Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="background:#ff4500" width="9.1%"><a href="Alkalimetalle" title="Alkalimetalle">Alkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#ff8c00" width="9.1%"><a href="Erdalkalimetalle" title="Erdalkalimetalle">Erdalkalimetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dda0dd" width="9.1%"><a href="Lanthanoide" title="Lanthanoide">Lanthanoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#da70d6" width="9.1%"><a href="Actinoide" title="Actinoide">Actinoide</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f08080" width="9.1%"><a href="%C3%9Cbergangsmetalle" title="Übergangsmetalle">Übergangsmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#a9a9a9" width="9.1%"><a href="Metalle" title="Metalle">Metalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#cd853f" width="9.1%"><a href="Halbmetalle" title="Halbmetalle">Halbmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#32cd32" width="9.1%"><a href="Nichtmetalle" title="Nichtmetalle">Nichtmetalle</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#f0e68c" width="9.1%"><a href="Halogene" title="Halogene">Halogene</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#87cefa" width="9.1%"><a href="Edelgase" title="Edelgase">Edelgase</a>
</td>
<td style="background:#dcdcdc" width="9%">Chemie unbekannt
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div></div>
<div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-s" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten">
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Normdaten&nbsp;(Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4178576-9">4178576-9</a></span> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115684">sh85115684</a></span> </div>
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